Investigation of parameter variations of lead free perovskite solar cell NiO/CsSnGeI3/IGZO using SCAPS 1D simulation tool

Perovskites are one of the explored materials for solar cell applications. However, lead based perovskite are explored more due to higher efficiency but it is not environmentally friendly. Here, we have proposed solar cell based on Cesium tin-germanium triiodide (CsSnGeI
3
) which offers better efficiency and are not hazards in nature. We have chosen NiO as HTL and IGZO as ETL owing to its high electron and hole mobility for carrier transport. The solar cell is computationally optimized for maximum efficiency with the help of open-source framework SCAPS 1D. We have initially simulated the solar cell with idealistic conditions. Later, ETL and absorber layer thickness has been for maximum efficiency. Further, we have altered the work function of the metal contact to select suitable metal contact. The initial simulation of the cell with ideal boundary conditions resulted in efficiency of 24.61%, open circuit voltage (V
oc
) of 0.99 V, fill factor (FF) of 87.82% and short-circuit density (J
sc
) of 28.04 mA/cm
²
.