Advancements and Applications of Electronically Steerable Parasitic Array Radiator (ESPAR) Antennas in Wireless Communications

This paper thoroughly reviews the state-of-the-art Electronically Steerable Parasitic Array Radiator (ESPAR) antennas and the future use cases that will increase their use exponentially. By exploring the theoretical underpinnings and operational principles of ESPAR antennas, we highlight their significance in enhancing communication through dynamic radiation pattern adjustment, particularly in interference-rich environments. The review categorically investigates ESPAR's transformative role across various sectors, including Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), wireless sensor networks (WSN), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and IoT infrastructures within smart cities. It underscores the technology's capacity to bolster signal quality, minimise interference, and facilitate adaptive communication protocols, revolutionising contemporary and future communication systems. Additionally, the paper addresses technical challenges such as interference management and integration hurdles, proposing innovative solutions and identifying future directions in beamforming techniques and integration with emerging technologies. This review highlights ESPAR technology's space in advancing wireless communication systems through a comprehensive analysis, offering insights into its potential to reshape connectivity in an increasingly interconnected world.