Distribution Profit Distribution Strategy for Virtual Power Plants Based on Bi-Layer Stackelberg Game Theory

With the introduction of dual carbon targets, the potential of distributed resources is continuously being explored, and virtual power plants (VPPs) capable of effectively aggregating distributed resources are gaining widespread attention. This paper considers VPP operators, distributed energy resources (DERs), and local authorities (LAs) participating in scheduling as the primary entities in the upper and lower level problems. It establishes a two-layer optimization model using the master-slave game framework and proposes stimulating competition to encourage VPPs to seek more economical and efficient energy management and trading strategies. By integrating internal resources and considering the impact of integrating DERs and adjustable loads into the system on electricity prices, real-time electricity prices are formulated. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model effectively promotes the consumption of renewable energy, reduces peak-valley load disparities, and maximizes economic benefits for all participating entities.