Enhancement Technology for Perception in Smart Mining Vehicles: 4D Millimeter-Wave Radar and Multi-Sensor Fusion

Advancements in 4D mmWave radar with multi-sensor fusion have significantly enhanced the robustness of autonomous driving systems. In the context of “Mining 5.0” based on parallel intelligence theory, autonomous haulage need to achieve full autonomy in open-pit mines. Current systems use 3D mmWave radar, LiDAR, and cameras but have limited automation progress. This perspective discusses the limitations of these systems and how integrating 4D mmWave radar can improve mining autonomy. This perspective results from discussions at several recent Distributed/Decentralized Hybrid Workshops on Autonomous Mining (DHW-AM) and aims at enhancing the intelligence of future mining operations.