Performance Assessment of Leach and the Suggested Improvements to the M-Leach Protocol for Use in Wireless Sensor Networks

Nowadays, due to global warming, which is alarmingly increasing and causing natural calamities worldwide, due to counter impact, the world is talking much about green energy, natural resources, etc. In this paper, we discussed one of the popular networks, wireless sensor networks, which has gained popularity since it has been widely used in remote sensing applications. These networks can provide information about places where the government must concentrate to reduce the emission of gases which will affect the environment. Wireless sensor networks consist of sensor nodes, which are small gadgets powered by batteries and have limited energy resources. As a result of this limitation, these networks have a reduced lifespan. By employing various routing protocols, it is possible to extend the lifespans of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). LEACH, a protocol known for its low energy use, serves as an exemplar of such protocols. This study enhanced the M-LEACH (Multi-hop) protocol by integrating the real-time energy status of sensor nodes into the cluster head selection process. This approach enhances the overall lifespan of the network and addresses the problem of selecting low-energy nodes as cluster heads. Various metrics, including delay, delivery packet ratio, average energy consumption,