Determination of Regulating Reserve Power in Day-Ahead P2P Energy Market with EV Charging and Discharging for Managing PV System Uncertainty

As the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and photovoltaic (PV) systems rises to reduce environmental impact, prosumers play an important role in this shift by participating in peer-to-peer (P2P) energy markets. However, managing intermittent PV energy within this framework remains challenging. To manage uncertainties, traditional approaches rely on a distribution system operator to provide reserve power. Furthermore, existing models have time-consuming problem-solving requirements or represent practical forecast errors insufficiently. This paper proposes a method for integrating EV charging and discharging, PV uncertainty, and regulating reserve power in the day-ahead P2P energy market. Leveraging a modified normal distribution to capture the uncertainty in PV systems, the proposed method calculates representative quantities from historical forecast error data. This linear relationship between the regulating reserve power and the deviation of forecast error data allows for a short calculation time, allowing for one-day planning for upstream and downstream regulating reserve power. Not only does the proposed method manage PV system uncertainty, but it also schedules EV charging and discharging plans, ensuring a balanced P2P energy market with concurrent provision of reserve power and energy trading. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, indicating its potential for improving sustainability and resilience in the P2P energy market.