Integration of UWB and BLE for Indoor Positioning Based on Network Adjustment

The development of Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS) is being catalyzed by the growing influence of the Internet of Things (IoT). In the field of indoor positioning, balancing low cost and high precision has always been a challenging task. Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology stands out for high precision but comes with higher costs, while Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), on the other hand, is cost-effective but faces challenges in signal stability. Therefore, this study explores the integration of BLE and UWB, presenting an innovative approach aimed at enhancing the accuracy of indoor positioning while maintaining cost-effectiveness. The proposed approach leverages BLE trilateration for initial solutions and optimizes coordinates through network adjustment using UWB distance observations between neighboring users, achieving more stable and accurate indoor positioning. The experiments conducted with varying user counts demonstrate that UWB adjustments outperform Bluetooth adjustments and trilateration, significantly improving positioning accuracy by up to 65% of trilateration. The results highlight the potential of this integrated approach to overcome challenges in indoor positioning systems, offering a more robust and precise solution.