Deep Learning Approaches in Geomagnetic Storm Forecasting: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Prospects

Geomagnetic storms significantly threaten modern technological infrastructure and communication systems, highlighting the critical need for accurate and timely forecasting. This survey research paper delves into the dynamic intersection of geomagnetic storm prediction and deep learning methodologies. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape in this field through a meticulous analysis of a diverse array of works, ranging from convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to recurrent neural networks (RNNs). The research scrutinizes the strengths and limitations of various deep learning approaches, shedding light on their efficacy in capturing the complex temporal and spatial patterns inherent in geomagnetic storm data. Notably, CNNs demonstrate promise in extracting spatial features, while RNNs excel at capturing temporal dependencies. Additionally, hybrid architectures combining these techniques exhibit a potential synergy in bolstering prediction accuracy. Furthermore, this paper underscores the pivotal role of data quality and diversity in training robust models. The availability of large-scale, multi-modal datasets is critical in enhancing predictive capabilities. Model interpretability and the ability to handle extreme events are pressing challenges warranting further investigation. The findings of this study hold far-reaching implications for space weather preparedness. Through the leverage of advanced machine learning techniques, our capacity to forecast geomagnetic storms is poised to be revolutionized, providing a crucial line of defense against their potentially devastating impacts on terrestrial technologies. The groundwork for future research endeavors is laid by this work, advocating for interdisciplinary collaboration between space scientists and machine learning experts. By addressing the identified challenges, a path toward more reliable and timely geomagnetic storm forecasts is endeavored to be forged, ultimately safeguarding our technological infrastructure and human activities from the vagaries of space weather.