Driving Towards Safety: Open Challenges in Safeguarding CPS-IoT for Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System*

Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System (C-ITS) is a prime example of Cyber-Physical System (CPS)-Internet of Things (IoT), in that the mechanics are combined with electronic, information technologies, and Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. In that respect, C-ITS inherits the unique properties of CPS-IoT, known as open connectivity and runtime adaptivity. This means that C-ITS can change its behavior or structure at runtime, which creates unknowns and uncertainties during system development. Moreover, IT solutions, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Machine Learning (ML), Open Source Software (OSS), and Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components, are used in automotive systems to foster innovation. However, these solutions often lack the guarantees that are necessary for safety-relevant applications. All aspects considered, this paper identifies the gaps between industry and research by examining state-of-the-art safety standards and literature and analyzing the limitations in safeguarding C-ITS using the Shuttle2X project as an example.