Optimal Operation of PIES Based on Hybrid Games and Shared Energy Storage Characteristics of Electric Vehicles

Aiming at the issue of multiple users and uneven benefit distribution in the park integrated energy system (PIES), a two-layer energy management model based on hybrid game is proposed. First, the PIES's operational framework is established, and the relationship between the upper-layer microgrid operator (MGO) and the lower-layer user aggregator (UA) is analyzed. A hybrid game model involving multiple users and MGO is developed to maximize the interests of each stakeholder. The operator sets the energy sales price through the Stackelberg game, while users conduct a cooperative game process based on the Nash negotiation theory. To address the high upfront investment in energy storage systems (ESS), the potential of electric vehicles (EV) for cluster dispatch is fully utilized. Finally, the results demonstrate that the model effectively reduces carbon emissions and creates a win-win situation for the MGO and multiple users.