Integrating LOFAR and GNSS data for ionospheric perturbation analysis on the January 2022 storm

This study aims at characterizing the multi-scale nature of the processes involved in the dynamic response to the minor geomagnetic storm that occurred on January 14th and 15th, 2022. This is achieved by leveraging the multiscale reconstruction capabilities enabled through the integration of Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements in Europe. The LOFAR radio telescope measures intensity across HF-VHF-UHF radio bands emitted by radioastronomical sources. Simultaneously, GNSS examines ionospheric structures by evaluating the amplitude and phase of L-band signals recorded by ground-based receivers. This combined approach allows for the investigation of ionospheric irregularities with scale sizes ranging from hundreds of meters to a few kilometers.