Enhancement of the Commandable Areas of a Modular DC–DC Converter With Anti-Windup Synthesis in Fuel Cell Systems

This study investigates the commandability in a DC-DC converter for fuel cell applications. In this modular system, each module is established on a three-level converter. The operation areas of the studied converter in terms of commandability have already been investigated. In this paper, a manner to increase the commandable area is suggested. An anti-windup scheme is used to enhance stability under duty-cycle saturation. An indirect sliding-mode controller is utilized to balance DC voltages and control currents with dynamical properties regardless of the operating settings. Simulations and experiments consistent to the theoretical study are conducted to confirm the suggested scheme.