Protecting Energy Storage Systems – Automated Generation Control - Against Coordinated and Dynamic Malicious Data Injection Cyber Attacks

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) have a wide range of functions, such as voltage and frequency regulation, congestion management, resource adequacy enhancement, arbitrage, and RES curtailment reduction. Currently, BESSs are considered the top technology due to their focus on rapid storage solutions and the necessity for autonomous systems to react promptly. It is essential to maintain system frequency by providing frequency control services, which include injecting or withdrawing active electricity from the power grid. When a system operator sends a signal for Automatic Generation Control (AGC), the unit usually responds by calculating the Area Control Error (ACE) using power imbalances and frequency changes.A specialized attack on the AGC by cybersecurity attacker could lead to significant frequency swings, potentially resulting in disconnection of the generator and load units through frequency protection relays. Threats to this dispatch mechanism could cause disruptions to electricity networks and energy markets.This calls for new modeling, simulation, and protection strategies to defend against attacks. This paper introduces an innovative approach for enhancing defense against online threats to enhance protection with a focus on data injection, this study examines complex methods for detecting and stopping attacks in various BESS.