An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization for Vehicle-to-Grid Assessment of Charging Stations

This paper formulates an assessment framework for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) scheduling of charging stations and develops a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based algorithm to address this problem. To better align with the actual conditions, the scheduling problem considers one-minute time intervals, three electric vehicle (EV) operational states, and battery effects. This high-complexity problem, which is empirically demonstrated solvable by the proposed method can be used to more realistically evaluate the potential economic value of charging stations in a planning phase.