Load Frequency Control in Two Area Power Systems in A Smart Grid Environment

Load Frequency Control (LFC) is a critical aspect of power system stability, ensuring that the frequency and tieline power flow remains within acceptable limits. In this paper, we investigate LFC in a two-area system with the integration of demand response (DR) loops. The DR loops allow for dynamic adjustments of load demand based on real-time system conditions. Our study focuses on optimizing the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller used in the LFC system. To achieve this, we perform a comparative analysis of three optimization algorithms: Artificial bee colony (ABC), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and Aquila Optimization (AO). These algorithms are applied to tune the PID controller parameters, aiming to enhance system performance, reduce frequency deviations, and minimize control efforts. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The optimized PID controller, combined with DR, significantly improves system response during load disturbances. Furthermore, the comparative study sheds light on the strengths and weaknesses of each optimization algorithm, providing valuable insights for future LFC implementations. Overall, our work contributes to the advancement of LFC strategies in interconnected power systems, emphasizing the role of demand response and optimization techniques in achieving robust and efficient control