Two-Dimensional Fixed-Frequency Terahertz Beam Steering with Micro-Actuated Leaky-Wave Structure

As the demand for high-speed communications grows, terahertz waves emerge as a promising frontier for 6G and beyond, offering unprecedented bandwidths. However, their shorter wavelengths result in significantly higher diffraction losses compared to microwaves, necessitating innovative solutions for directional beam steering to counteract these losses. Conventional large-aperture phased arrays face challenges at terahertz frequencies due to the lack of practical phase shifters. To address this challenge, this study introduces a novel two-dimensional beam steering technique employing a micro-displacement controlled leaky-wave structure. By exploiting the dispersion relation of waves propagating between quasi-parallel metal plates, we effectively manipulate the wave trajectory and launch angle via precise displacement and tilt of the plates. Our experimental demonstration achieves effective two-dimensional terahertz beam steering, eliminating the need for frequency sweeping. At 280 GHz, we achieve a steering range of
${\bf \pm 37^{\circ }}$
horizontally with a plate tilt of
${\bf \pm 0.169^\circ }$
and
${\bf 18^{\circ }}$
vertically with a plate translation of 0.2 mm, along with a 3 dB frequency bandwidth of 9.7 GHz and a 10 dB bandwidth of 17.3 GHz. This method not only circumvents the limitations posed by the lack of phase shifters but also facilitates integration into compact, planar systems without expanding the physical profile. This result paves the way for directionally agile terahertz communications, enabling real-time user and device tracking capabilities.