LoRa-Enabled NodeMCU Nodes for Efficient Agricultural Monitoring in IoT: Integration with Raspberry Pi Web Application

Agricultural monitoring is essential for optimizing crop production and ensuring food security. However, conventional methods of monitoring are often costly, labor-intensive, and unreliable. In this paper, we propose a novel agricultural monitoring system that uses a network of low-cost, low-power, and long-range devices to collect and transmit data on various soil and environmental parameters. The system consists of a main central unit based on Raspberry Pi, and several nodes distributed across the field, each equipped with an ESP32 microcontroller and sensors for measuring soil moisture, water level, temperature, and humidity. The nodes communicate with the central unit using LoRa, a wireless technology that offers long-range, low-bandwidth, and low-power communication. We compare the performance of LoRa with other wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi and ZigBee and show that LoRa has several advantages in terms of range, power consumption, scalability, and robustness. The central unit processes the data and displays it on a web interface, which allows the user to monitor the field conditions and control the irrigation system remotely. We evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of our system through simulations and experiments, and demonstrate that it can provide accurate, timely, and reliable information for agricultural management.