Modeling Brake Perception Response Time in On-Road and Roadside Hazards Using an Integrated Cognitive Architecture

In this article, we used a computational cognitive architecture called queuing network–adaptive control of thought rational–situation awareness (QN–ACTR–SA) to model and simulate the brake perception response time (BPRT) to visual roadway hazards. The model incorporates an integrated driver model to simulate human driving behavior and uses a dynamic visual sampling model to simulate how drivers allocate their attention. We validated the model by comparing its results to empirical data from human participants who encountered on-road and roadside hazards in a simulated driving environment. The results showed that BPRT was shorter for on-road hazards compared to roadside hazards and that the overall model fitness had a mean absolute percentage error of 9.4% and a root mean squared error of 0.13 s. The modeling results demonstrated that QN–ACTR–SA could effectively simulate BPRT to both on-road and roadside hazards and capture the difference between the two contrasting conditions.