USB Interrupt Differentiated Service for Bandwidth and Delay-Constrained Input/Output

Device interrupts have long been a problem in real-time systems. Handling an interrupt in the context of a critical task potentially leads to a missed deadline. While modern systems have proposed techniques to schedule interrupts, the challenge is to determine the correct priority based on the task that triggers their occurrence. One approach is to assign an interrupt with the highest priority among all tasks waiting on a corresponding device. However, this does not fully eliminate priority inversion, as the interrupt may be handled at a much higher priority than the task with which it is associated. To solve this problem, we present a solution for devices con-nected to a Universal Serial Bus (USB). USB has properties that make it potentially suitable for tackling high bandwidth sensor data processing and low-latency input/output (I/O) control. We describe the implementation of an xHCI (USB 3.x) driver in the Quest RTOS, which guarantees throughput and delay require-ments for USB devices and their I/O requests using time-budgeted interrupt handling servers. Our paper is the first to introduce differentiated USB interrupt servicing. Experiments show how our approach outperforms a Linux xHCI driver running on a PREEMPT_RT-patched system with SCHED_DEADLINE tasks. Differentiated USB interrupt handling is shown to improve the performance of Quest's default xHCI driver, which is purposely designed to provide real-time I/O guarantees.