Optimal Siting of Battery Energy Storage System with Multiple PVDG Penetration Levels Considering the Duck Curve Phenomenon

High solar photovoltaic (PV) penetration level causes a "Duck Curve" phenomenon resulting in temporal imbalance between the peak load and the PV power generation. Thus, this caused the steep ramping of conventional generators. This research aims to mitigate the phenomenon through optimal siting of BESS in an IEEE 37-bus test system with integrated photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) using genetic algorithm. Two scenarios were investigated: the first scenario considered PVDG only, and PVDG with battery energy storage system (BESS) for the other scenario. For each scenario, three cases portrayed different levels of PV capacity. The first scenario showed an increased Duck Curve, where the ramp rate of individual solar PVDG exceeded the allowable limit. For the second scenario, the ramp rate of the individual solar PVDG stayed within the allowable ramp rate limit. Locating the optimal sites of PVDG with BESS showed improvements in system losses, voltage deviation, ramp rate, and elevation of the Duck Curve. To maintain the consistency of the ramp rate improvement, the integration of BESS must also be increased with PVDG penetration level.