Comparative Study of Five Layered Germanium-Doped Hexagonal Ring Photonic Crystal Fiber

This paper introduces a hexagonal five-layer photonic crystal fiber (H-PCF) design and evaluates its performance using COMSOL Multi-physics 5.5, analyzing parameters like confinement loss, birefringence, dispersion, effective mode index and effective mode area. The study examines the impact of varying contamination percentages of GeO
2
on SiO
2
core and wavelengths on H-PCF characteristics. Using established formulas, calculations for dispersion, effective mode index, effective mode area, and birefringence are performed and graphically represented across different wavelengths for varying doping levels. Findings indicate consistent dispersion from $1.4 \mu \mathrm{m}$ to $1.6 \mu \mathrm{m}$, with maximal negative dispersion using 40% GeO
2
-doped silica. GeO
2
enrichment substantially influences effective mode index, contributing to light confinement and total internal reflection. Increasing contamination percentage reduces effective mode area, elevating the non-linear parameter. The H-PCF design demonstrates heightened birefringence with increased doping, crucial for maintaining light polarization in communication technology. Overall, the proposed H-PCF outperforms in parameters like effective mode index, effective mode area, confinement loss, birefringence, and dispersion. Notably, at 30% GeO
2
doping, the H-PCF exhibits optimal characteristics for optical communication applications.