Compact 217 NTT Architecture for Fully Homomorphic Encryption

Homomorphic encryption (HE) ensures data security and privacy in cloud computing by permitting operations on encrypted information without revealing the original data. However, many of these advances only achieve Partial or Some-what Homomorphic Encryption. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), which overcomes the number of operation limitations, is being actively researched, with notable schemes like BGV, GSW, and CKKS. Particularly, the CKKS scheme focuses on real and complex number computations but has big parameters requiring many hardware resources. This paper presents an efficient hardware architecture for the number theoretical transform (NTT) 2
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and an optimized Barrett-based integer modular multiplier to address these challenges. The designs improve the efficiency of polynomial multiplication and modular multiplication processes.