Laser-induced Graphene Electrodes for Urine Osmolarity Estimation through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

This study addresses the critical issue of dehydration, particularly in vulnerable populations with limited access to water resources. In this way, considering the limitations of current dehydration detection methods, this research proposes a novel approach utilizing cost-effective laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes and an AD5940 front-end for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on urine samples. The method aims to provide a reliable and affordable diagnostic tool for at-risk populations by incorporating machine learning algorithms. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of LIG electrodes in EIS analysis, showcasing their potential for preliminary dehydration detection in urine. Furthermore, the study highlights the broader applications of this approach in monitoring various biological processes, suggesting its versatility in addressing health challenges beyond dehydration, such as wound healing, early cancer detection, and impedance-related monitoring in diverse medical contexts. This work presents a promising advancement in continuous monitoring technologies, especially in resource-limited settings. This work presents a promising advancement in continuous monitoring technologies, especially in resource-limited settings, such as osmolarity measurements, with a determination coefficient of about 0.96 and electrode impedance range of about 620±95 Ω.