Assessing the feasibility of last-mile delivery alternatives using fuzzy AHP in the Indian Urban Context

The consumer-driven e-commerce has changed the landscape of the modern-day supply chain. The last-mile delivery service facilitates the customer with a shorter delivery time. This study assesses the feasibility of last-mile delivery (LMD) alternatives in the urban Indian context, focusing on fuel-powered vehicles (FPVs), electric commercial vehicles (ECVs), and AIenabled drone technology (ADTs). Key parameters influencing the adoption and stakeholder perceptions of ecological, economic, and social sustainability aspects were evaluated using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) methodology. A synthesis of expert judgements was performed to rank thirteen parameters and alternatives. The findings suggest that FPV is presently favoured due to its well-established infrastructure with desirability index $\left(\mathrm{DI}_{1}=0.44\right)$. The $E C V$ s are gaining popularity as businesses and governments focus on sustainability, which will replace fuel-powered vehicles $\left(\mathrm{DI}_{2}=0.42\right)$. The ADT exhibits excellent potential for the future $\left(\mathrm{DI}_{3}=0.14\right)$. The study will provide significant insights to businesses, policymakers, and other stakeholders navigating the changing logistics environment while recognising the limitations and uncertainties associated with decision-making.