Humidification Methods for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: A Review

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) have emerged as a promising avenue for clean energy production, offering notable efficiency and environmental benefits with low emissions. However, the intricate challenge of effective water management within PEMFCs remains pivotal for their optimal functionality. This scientific review meticulously explores a spectrum of internal and external humidification methods designed to maintain crucial hydration levels within the proton-conducting membrane. The examination spans a range of physical methodologies, including innovative designs like the double-path-type flow-field, sponge wicks, and the integration of inorganic substances. Additionally, chemical approaches, such as self-humidifying Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEAs) and specialized anode catalysts, are scrutinized. External humidification methods, exemplified by membrane humidifiers, are also comprehensively assessed. The review underscores the importance of these proposed strategies in overcoming challenges associated with low water content, representing a substantial contribution to the evolving landscape of fuel cell technology. The paper places particular emphasis on ongoing endeavors to augment performance and stability through a thorough evaluation of humidification methods tailored for PEMFCs.