Locating Responsibility in the Future of Human–AI Interactions

Whether we, as end-users of technology, are aware of it or not, our societies are becoming increasingly entangled in a complex network of interactions with Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. This goes beyond what is often called ‘Human-AI collaboration’, involving the broader socio-political systems supporting these technologies
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. Faced with these complex interactions, society grapples with the timeless question: where does responsibility lie for the consequences or results produced by AI systems or applications, whether they are successful or not? Is it with the human operator, AI developer, user, or the AI agent itself? In the case of failure, AI cannot be held accountable, as such software systems are not yet recognized as separate legal entities
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.