The Validation of a Polish Version of Co-Presence and Social Presence Scale

This study validates the Polish translation of the Co-presence and So-cial Presence scale, confirming strong reliability and validity through robust internal consistency and favorable confirmatory factor analy-sis fit indices. Convergent validity results align with expectations, although correlation magnitudes are lower than anticipated. Exam-ining discriminant validity, an unexpected weak positive correlation with eeriness challenges initial expectations of negative relationship. Furthermore, moderate to low correlations between co-presence and presence emphasize their distinct yet related nature