A Proactive–Reactive Methodology for Cyber-Resilient Inverter Control System

This paper presents a unified multi-timescale control approach for a power system with distributed energy resources to achieve cyber-resilient operation. The proposed concept combines two cyber-resilient control methods: proactive and reactive methods. The proactive method uses a blockchain that ensures measurement and control data can be securely exchanged among grid assets and also derives control set points as a load-sharing supervisory control, with an embedded logic called chaincode. The proactive method ensures data integrity, but it inherits stochastic latency with significant standard deviation due to the nature of the distributed ledgers and security measures, leading to challenges in control. To overcome this trade-off, the reactive approach uses event-driven communication. For this approach, rather than communicating the complete data, a lightweight data packet is communicated in a peer-to-peer fashion. Therefore, it guarantees driving the system into a stable operation in case the proactive operation degrades with insufficient latency. To validate the concept, Hyperleger Fabric blockchain 2.2 is used to characterize the latency and is customized for an inverter control system in this study. Based on the use case, a stability analysis is presented to evaluate the impact of the variable delay and to identify the need for a reactive approach to mitigate the effects of a prolonged delay in the proactive method. A test bed with two hardware inverter prototypes and a custom blockchain programmed with the unified method is developed for validation. A set of hardware experimental results validates the methodology and demonstrates the inverter system operations achieving frequency recovery and load-sharing restoration based on the unified control method.