3-D-Printed Torque Sensors: A Review

Torque sensors find utility across diverse domains, such as drive and conveyor technology, robotics, and research and development. Multiple sensing principles are applicable for torque measurement. Notably, the resistive effect, utilizing strain gauges, is a prevalent method. In recent years, 3-D printing technology has experienced significant growth, facilitating the production of physical objects and functional structures through many 3-D printing processes and materials. As a result, 3-D printing has attracted attention in the field of printed electronics and sensors, leading to various sensor developments in research projects using 3-D printing techniques. This review offers an overview of the current state of research concerning 3-D-printed torque sensors. In terms of transparency, this review adheres to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) method, a systematic literature review approach. The identified sensors undergo analysis based on sensing principles, 3-D printing processes, printing materials, and the extent of 3-D printing application. Furthermore, prospective research directions are delineated.