Hybrid 9-Port Power Divider and Combiner for Enhanced Wireless Energy Harvesting in Passive RFID Tag Systems

This research introduces innovative configurations for hybrid power divider combiners (HPDCs) featuring five and nine ports, aligning with the standards set by IEEE 802.11b, g, ISM, and 802.11. The HPDCs are designed to operate at multiple bands—2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and 6 GHz— corresponding to IEEE 802.11n, a, and 802.11ac, respectively. These tailored designs are specifically crafted to address the energy-efficient requirements of applications spanning the DC to 6-GHz frequency range. Notable applications include 5Genabled Passive Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, Energy Harvesting (E.H) tags, and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna beamforming. When implemented on an FR4 substrate, the proposed HPDC configurations demonstrate consistent power distribution, robust port isolation, and excellent port matching, particularly at a central design frequency of 3 GHz. These designs hold great promise in the context of satellite-cellular convergence, finding potential applications in RF energy harvesting, adaptive intelligent energy-efficient data transmission, and seamless connectivity. Of significance is the achievement of return and isolation losses falling below −7 dB, meeting the criteria for Wi-Fi 6E. This underscores the suitability of the proposed HPDCs for advanced wireless applications, affirming their potential contribution to RF energy harvesting, adaptive data transmission, and enhanced connectivity within the specified frequency range.