Aerodynamic-Constrained Frequency Response Services Dominated by Distributed Wind Power Generation in Active Distribution Networks

This paper proposes an aerodynamic-constrained frequency response service (FRS) method tailored specifically for active distribution networks (ADNs) which are dominated by distributed wind turbines (DWTs). First, a novel equal energy incremental rate criterion (EEIRC) is derived, based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) condition, for optimally utilizing the rotor kinetic energy that can enhance the frequency regulation capability of DWTs. Next, considering the coupling characteristics of inverter-side frequency and the wind turbine motion, the necessary and sufficient condition is explored for DWTs to maintain mechanical and electrical coupling (MEC) stability as they respond to ADN frequency deviations. Then, leveraging the Lie derivative and Lyapunov theory, the aerodynamic-constrained model adaptive control (ACMAC) is proposed to enable the frequency response of DWT, adapting the frequency control logic autonomously under significant disturbances to prevent DWT instability. Finally, comprehensive simulations are conducted on the modified IEEE 123-bus system with 100% local wind power generation to validate the effectiveness and superiorities of the proposed method.