Minkowski Fractal Antenna Design with Defected Ground Structure for 5G Millimeter Wave Applications

The purpose of this investigation is to introduce a fractal antenna that is specifically designed for 5G millimeter-wave applications. The antenna’s substrate is fabricated on cost-effective FR4 material, characterized by a dielectric constant of 4.4, with dimensions measuring 4.35 × 5.5 × 1.6 mm
³
. In this design, a Minkowski fractal pattern is strategically incorporated on the upper extremity of a fundamental microstrip patch antenna. In order to enhance the antenna performance, the entire ground plane is modified with T-shaped elements, resulting in the introduction of a defected ground structure. The High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) is employed for the formulation of the proposed fractal antenna. Based on the outcomes of comprehensive simulations, the presented fractal antenna achieves resonance at 27 GHz, concurrently maintaining a commendable 2.1 GHz operational bandwidth extending from 26.0 to 28.1 GHz, and with a gain of 5.8 dB. The proposed design, which combines the Minkowski fractal pattern and the defected ground structure, effectively optimizes resonance characteristics within the specified millimeter-wave frequency range, thereby advancing antenna technology for 5G communication systems.