Markov Spatial Flows in Bold FMRI: A Novel Lens on the Bold Signal Applied To an Imaging Study of Schizophrenia

While the analysis of temporal signal fluctuations and co-fluctuations has long been a fixture of blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging CMRl) research, the role and implications of spatial propagation within the 4D neurovascular BOLD signal has been almost entirely neglected As part of a larger research program aimed at capturing and analyzing spatially propagative dynamics in BOLDjMRl, we report here a method that exposes large-scale functional attractors of flow processes defined via Markov processes defined at the voxel level. The brainwide stationary distributions of these voxel-level Markov processes represent patterns of signal accumulation toward which the brain exerts a probabilistic propagative undertow. These probabilistic propagative attractors are spatially structured and organized interpretably over functional regions. They also differ significantly between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.