Research Progress on Flexible 3-D Force Sensors: A Review

The rapid development of robotics technology and human–machine interaction has created a growing demand for accurate and reliable 3-D force measurement. Flexible force sensors, known for their high sensitivity, bendability, and customizability, offer an effective solution for achieving accurate 3-D force measurements. This article aims to comprehensively assess the research progress of flexible force sensors in the field of 3-D force detection and explores their potential applications in various areas. First, the working principles and structural characteristics of flexible 3-D force sensors are introduced. Then, the materials utilized by these sensors are discussed. After that, the decoupling methods of 3-D force sensors are summarized. Finally, the review summarizes the current applications of flexible 3-D force sensors in robotics, adjuvant therapy, human monitoring field, and controllers. By comprehensively analyzing the existing literature and research results, this article offers important guidance for further advancing the application of flexible force sensors in the field of 3-D force detection. With the continuous development of technology, flexible 3-D force sensors are expected to increasingly play a significant role in the critical task of achieving accurate 3-D force detection.