sTrade 2.0: Efficient Mutual Authentication Scheme for Energy Trading in V2G Using Physically Unclonable Function

This article presents a mutual authentication scheme for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) using physical unclonable functions (PUFs). Various security challenges exist during the transfer of information between entities in V2G over public channels. The proposed sTrade 2.0 security primitive allows energy trading only after secure authentication of charging station (CS) and electric vehicles (EVs) with a grid server (GS). Generally, CS are unmanned, and EVs are parked in open spaces; hence, physical security is a major challenge. PUFs are created by utilizing internal manufacturing variations that occur during the chip fabrication process. Random number generator bit self-test-arbiter PUF has been used for experimental validation of sTrade 2.0. PUF is integrated with EV and CS; hence, no need to store any secret key. Formal security verification is performed using the random or real model and popular automatic verification of internet security protocol simulation tool, while informal security verification uses Dolev–Yao and Canetti and Krawczyk's (CK) adversary model. Furthermore, the performance evaluation result shows that our scheme uses minimum computational and communicational overheads compared with most recent schemes.