Transradial Amputee Reaching: Compensatory Motion Quantification Versus Unaffected Individuals Including Bracing

Joint absence in people with upper-limb-difference leads to compensatory motions. Such compensation has long been a topic of study, but typically only for a single object/user layout, which is unlikely to spatially generalize. We seek to understand how motion varies over a planar workspace for different target orientations and wrist mobility conditions. We therefore present a study that records arm and torso pose during grasping of 49 equally spaced cylindrical targets. Furthermore, we seek to validate the research practice of using wrist-immobilizing bypass sockets on able-bodied participants to simulate prostheses without wrists. Participants were 2 transradial amputees and 7 able-bodied individuals who conducted the study with and without wrist braces, generating 2450 trajectories. Heat-maps illustrate variation over the workspace in Mean Joint Angle, Range of Joint Motion and Distance Travelled by Body Segment. Results indicate that greater wrist restriction primarily exacerbated shoulder internal rotation and elbow flexion, not the trunk. We observed that bypass sockets do not fully simulate amputee behavior. Furthermore, amputee reaching with their intact limb is different to the reaching motion of normative participants, implying that transradial limb-difference affects both sides of the body. Differences in participant behavior were also observed between horizontal and vertical target orientations.