Virtual Inertia Support in AGC of Deregulated Interconnected Power System with Penetration of Electric Vehicles

This article proposes a virtual inertia control based Electric Vehicle (EV) structure to enhance Power System Frequency Regulation (FR). Modern networks have significantly less inertia than older ones, therefore keeping reserves of power (like batteries) would need very fast regulatory responses to reduce frequency swings in the grid. The power system under study incorporates many real-time nonlinearities, such as boiler dynamics, generation rate constraint (GRC), and governor dead band (GDB), in addition to three distinct energy sources-gas, hydro, and thermal-in each control region. Three controllers-TID, ID- T, and PID- T (proposed)-are applicable to both scheduled and unscheduled power under various contracts, including poolco, bilateral, and contract violation-based transactions, using different tie-lines. A new type of modified Proportional-Integral-Derivative- Tilt (PID- T) controller has been created and compared with a few controllers that are currently in use. To optimize the several parameters of the suggested controller, a modified version of the Sea-horse Optimisation (SHO) approach has been used. A few well-known meta-heuristic algorithms are compared to the SHO in order to show its superiority. Under bilateral-based transactions, analysis was conducted to verify the robustness and flexibility of the suggested controller. The extensive research results provide compelling evidence supporting the value and effectiveness of the suggested controller and optimization.