Machine Learning and AI Approaches for Analyzing Diabetic and Hypertensive Retinopathy in Ocular Images: A Literature Review

The field of healthcare holds significant global importance due to its profound impacts on both individual well-being and the broader healthcare system. It plays a pivotal role in the economic landscape, with far-reaching effects at the local, national, and global levels. Moreover, healthcare stands as a vital source of employment, supporting countless individuals across the world. It is a sector characterized by persistent challenges that have been met with innovation and technological advancements. In this literature review, our goal is to explore the key contributions in the healthcare domain, specifically in the diagnosis of diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy using advanced technologies such as Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The use of these technologies is instrumental in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and patient care. The wealth of research in this field is dispersed across various scholarly databases, presenting an opportunity for an extensive and focused investigation. By combining scientometric analysis with the metaphorical “tree of science,” we can gain two valuable perspectives on this domain. The first perspective delves into scientometric statistics, shedding light on countries, authors, academic institutions, and research centers that are at the forefront of developing innovative solutions for diagnosing retinopathy using AI and Machine Learning. The second perspective employs an evolutionary analysis, exploring the origins of seminal research contributions and how they have evolved over time. This literature review underscores the ongoing relevance of leveraging Machine Learning and AI in healthcare, particularly in the diagnosis of retinopathy. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of technologies that enable remote diagnosis and care, revolutionizing the healthcare landscape. As we navigate the intricate web of healthcare innovation, this literature review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research and its trajectory in the realm of diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy diagnosis through advanced technologies.