Challenges in Deploying a Second-Life Battery System: Engineering, Fire Safety, UL Certifications, and NFPA Requirements

The increasing supply of batteries decommissioned from electric vehicles holds the potential to meet the demand for grid scale storage. However, the numerous standards and code requirements, such as those outlined by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and Underwriters Laboratories (UL), present significant obstacles to the practical implementation of second-life battery systems. By analyzing a demonstration project funded through a grant from the California Energy Commission (CEC), we outline the best practices for overcoming design and engineering challenges. This exploration aims to expedite and facilitate the widespread adoption of second-life battery storage solutions in the mass market.