The Green Revolution from Space: A Survey of Satellite-Based Agricultural Monitoring Systems

The utilization of satellite technology has brought forth a new era of possibilities in the field of agriculture, facilitating data-driven decisions that cater to the global need for improved agricultural productivity. This research paper extensively examines the crucial role played by satellite imagery in revolutionizing agricultural practices. We delve into the technical foundations of satellite sensors, which include optical, thermal infrared, radar, hyperspectral, and lidar sensors, establishing a comprehensive understanding of the diverse data sources. Moving into the realm of satellite image processing, we provide explanations of radiometric calibration, geometric correction, atmospheric correction, noise reduction, and image enhancement techniques, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the data. Additionally, we shed light on the multifaceted applications of satellite imagery in agriculture, encompassing crop health monitoring, precision agriculture, crop growth monitoring, irrigation management, soil mapping, and pest management. While acknowledging the challenges and limitations, we address the technical complexities, economic considerations, social implications, and environmental impacts crucial for developing sustainable satellite-based agricultural solutions. Finally, we explore the promising trends and research directions, ranging from advanced sensor technologies to climate-resilient strategies, with the aim of advancing efficient and sustainable agricultural systems. This paper offers a comprehensive understanding of the mutually beneficial relationship between satellite technology and agriculture, contributing to the creation of resilient and sustainable agricultural systems for the future.