Blockchain and Zero-Sum Game-based Energy Trading Scheme for Electric Vehicles

The transportation industry drastically changes people's living standards, but fuel-based vehicles increase greenhouse and carbon emissions that affect people's health. To reduce those effects, the governments promote electric vehicles (EVs) aiming at reducing global warming, air and noise pollution, thus participating in the enhancement of human life expectancy. However, it is becoming increasingly a common sense that citizens adopt EVs, which increases the demand for charging stations (CSs). Fulfilling the huge energy demand for EVs require additional electricity which overloads the charging infrastructure. Therefore, EV energy trading (ET) schemes are introduced for efficient energy utilization. However, balanced payoff between EVs need to be considered along with the security aspect for efficient and profitable ET. To address the aforementioned issues, we propose a zero-sum game and blockchain-based ET scheme for EVs, i.e., prosumers and consumers, using Interplanetary File System (IPFS). The proposed scheme considered a first come first serve (FCFS) and round robin algorithm to select prosumers and consumers to apply the zero-sum game between players for maximizing the payoff. Finally, the proposed scheme is simulated and evaluated against various parameters such as profit for prosumer and consumer, convergence rate, and gas consumption analysis.