A Scalable Formal Verification Methodology for Data-Oblivious Hardware

The importance of preventing microarchitectural timing side channels in security-critical applications has surged in recent years. Constant-time programming has emerged as a best-practice technique for preventing the leakage of secret information through timing. It is based on the assumption that the timing of certain basic machine instructions is independent of their respective input data. However, whether or not an instruction satisfies this data-independent timing criterion varies between individual processor microarchitectures. In this article, we propose a novel methodology to formally verify data-oblivious behavior in hardware (HW) using standard property checking techniques. The proposed methodology is based on an inductive property that enables scalability even to complex out-of-order cores. We show that proving this inductive property is sufficient to exhaustively verify data-obliviousness at the microarchitectural level. In addition, this article discusses several techniques that can be used to make the verification process easier and faster.We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed methodology through case studies on several open-source designs. One case study uncovered a data-dependent timing violation in the extensively verified and highly secure IBEX RISC-V core. In addition to several HW accelerators and in-order processors, our experiments also include RISC-V Berkeley out-of-order machine, a complex out-of-order processor, highlighting the scalability of the approach.