A Systemic Approach to Understanding Food and Nutrition Insecurity in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Rural Odisha, India

This study uses a system thinking approach and qualitative methodology to examine the food and nutrition insecurity system in rural Odisha, India. Despite its rich natural resources, Odisha remains one of India's poorest and most malnourished states. A causal loop diagram and system archetypes were created based on literature and qualitative insights to identify interacting factors causing food insecurity and critical leverage points requiring a shift. A top-down approach focusing on linear food chain improvement has limitations, and a bottom-up approach including the diverse socio-cultural backgrounds of vulnerable populations is necessary. The study highlights the importance of realising and including the needs of tribal groups lacking a voice to demand accountability, learned helplessness due to environmental challenges, and dependency on the government. The study suggests that inclusive policies that better understand the problems of the vulnerable population will help transition to a sustainable change in Odisha's food and nutrition system.