The Effect of TQM Elements on Educational Innovation: An Empirical Study of Bahrain Private Universities

This research aims to investigate the effect of Total Quality Management (TQM) elements on educational innovation in private institutions in Bahrain as perceived by lecturers. Additionally., it seeks to investigate the effect of educational innovation based on the demographic characteristics of lecturers at private universities in Bahrain., including gender., age., experience., and level of education. The study utilized quantitative methodology and specifically developed a questionnaire to address all of the variables under investigation. The target population comprised lecturers from private institutions in Bahrain., with a sample size of 70 lecturers. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27., incorporating descriptive analysis involving mean and standard deviation computation. Inferential analysis such as regression analysis., Pearson correlations., the T -test., the one-way ANOV A., and Cronbach's a were also employed. The findings revealed that continuous enhancement and human resources development have a significant effect on educational innovation. Moreover., gender and educational level have no significant effect on educational innovation. However., age and experience were shown to have significant effects on educational innovation.