Novel Approach for AI-Based Risk Calculator Development Using Transfer Learning Suitable for Embedded Systems

Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs), like Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) or Diabetes Mellitus (DM) are defined as chronic conditions caused by the combination of genetic, physiological, behavioral, and environmental factors that can affect an individual's health, being a major issue for the public health system globally. Sometimes, these conditions share some of their risk factors, as occurs between CVD and DM. Current clinically validated risk calculators have been developed using different regression approaches, targeting different populations and having significant differences between their outputs and the risk factors they use to compute the risk. In this work, we present a methodology for the design of risk calculator based on Machine Learning (ML), combining the knowledge of different clinically validated cardiovascular risk calculators using transfer learning for more personalized NCD risk estimation. Besides, a hardware profiling in terms of latency and model size is performed, targeting its real-time implementation in an embedded system. Results suggest that re-training an already developed ML model with a different dataset can improve its generalization capability, being a suitable way to avoid overfitting. Moreover, profiling results shown that this type of ML-based algorithms are suitable for embedded systems implementations., having model sizes lower than 1 KB and average inference times lower than $75\ \mu\mathrm{s}$.