A Four-Stage Super Data Envelopment Analysis Model for Shipping Connectivity Efficiency

Digital technologies such as big data, cloud computing and blockchain are crucial to maritime connectivity networks. This study employs the entropy weight method, four-stage super-efficiency DEA model, competitive situation matrix, and K-means clustering analysis to comprehensively assess maritime connectivity efficiency among 44 countries along the Belt and Road Initiative from 2010 to 2021. Findings reveal: (1) Overall efficiency is increasing, with Japan, Singapore, and Qatar consistently leading. (2) Efficiency varies spatially, with East and Southeast Asia showing higher efficiency, and this disparity lessening with environmental considerations. (3) Total factor productivity improves due to technology, though composite and pure technical efficiency need attention. (4) The competitive matrix categorizes countries into four types, highlighting Malaysia’s progress and underscoring the need for scale efficiency improvements. The insights of this study provide implications for the construction of maritime networks, digitalization and intelligentization of shipping under the Belt and Road Initiative, and are of great significance for strengthening global trade and cooperation.