Energy Management Systems for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review of Technologies and Trends

As the demand for electric vehicles (EVs) continues to surge, improvements to energy management systems (EMS) prove essential for improving their efficiency, performance, and sustainability. This paper covers the distinctive challenges in designing EMS for a range of electric vehicles, such as electrically powered automobiles, split drive cars, and P-HEVs. It also covers significant achievements and proposed solutions to these issues. The powertrain concept for series, parallel, series-parallel, and complex hybrid electric cars is also disclosed in this study. Much of this analysis is dedicated to investigating the various control strategies used in EMS for various electric vehicle types, which include global-optimization approaches, fuzzy rule-based, and real-time optimization-oriented strategies. The study thoroughly evaluates the strengths and shortcomings of various electric vehicle strategies, offering valuable insights into their practical implementation and effectiveness across different EV models, such as BEVs, HEVs, and PHEVs.