Underground Wireless Communication Model for Sensor Networks

Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) have developed into valuable tools for gathering and tracking data for various uses, such as industrial automation, environmental monitoring, and infrastructure management. Traditional wireless communication methods, however, encounter considerable difficulties in some situations, such as underground settings, because of the restrictions imposed by the propagation medium. This research proposes a wireless communication model specifically designed for sensor networks in underground environments. High attenuation, multipath fading, and constrained bandwidth availability are only a few of the particular challenges the model tries to address in underground environments. The suggested approach enables dependable and effective communication among sensor nodes installed in subsurface locations by resolving these issues. To maximize wireless communication, the model takes advantage of the properties of subsurface propagation. These methods include adaptive power control, subsurface channel modulation optimization, and sophisticated error correction and detection. When modelling the subsurface communication channel, the distance between sensor nodes, reflection, phase shifting, refraction, and soil dielectric propagation attenuation are considered.