Ultra-Wideband THz Microstrip Patch Antenna with Enhanced Performance through Air-Hole Optimization

This study delves into microstrip patch antennas employing different types of photonic band gap (PBG) substrates. These substrates integrate air holes with circular, triangular, square, and pentagonal shapes, all within the frequency range of 2-10 THz. The antennas are built using both Graphene and Teflon materials. The assessment of these antennas revolves around various factors, including impedance matching, reflection loss, gain, directivity, radiation efficiency, and radiation patterns of E-field and H-field. Among the studied designs, the cylindrical-shaped circular air-hole configuration is the most promising, displaying superior performance compared to the other shapes. The comprehensive analysis of the antennas' characteristics shed light on the significance of air-hole geometry on antenna performance within the ultra-wideband Terahertz frequency range, which encompasses an impressive span of 8 THz for each structure. These findings significantly advance microstrip patch antenna technology at the Terahertz frequency range. By underlining the influence of air-hole shape on antenna performance, the study enhances our understanding of the intricate factors determining such antennas' efficiency and effectiveness.