Energy-Efficient Clustering and Routing Algorithm using Harris-Hawk Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) data communication is accomplished through various cluster-based routing protocols. In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), efficient clustering and routing face significant challenges. Cluster-based routing techniques for energy-efficient transmission are based on cluster formation and cluster head (CH) selection. CH are entirely liable for data packet transport between nodes. Such protocols, however, are vulnerable to network attacks. This paper proposes a unique cluster-based routing protocol. For clustering Harris-hawk optimization (HHO) algorithm is used, and Energy Aware Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) protocol is used for routing. According to the experimental results, the suggested system has more advantages regarding packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and bit error rate (BER).